Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23(5):367-380. cylindrica is also known to hybridize with other species, with Gabel (1982) providing evidence of hybridization between I. cylindrica and I. brasiliensis. Tropical Pest Management, 27(2):181-190. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 5. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. In: Carter's mustard (Warea carteri). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: RAWRC. 3-29. Decree No. Dickens R, 1974. Henty E E, Pritchard G H, 1975. ACIAR Monograph No. The ability of I. cylindrica to effectively compete for water and nutrients, spread and persist through the production of seeds and rhizomes that can survive a wide range of environmental conditions, and its allelopathic effects and pyrogenic nature, allow it to exclude native plant species and other desirable plants and dominate large areas of land. According to PIER (2008), I. cylindrica is also an invasive species in Micronesia and has been recommended for eradication. Approximately 75% of the timber harvested for domestic use is produced by chainsaw millers operating illegally. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Beginning with its Forest Code passed in January 1994, Cameroon has been a leader in West African forest policy and has several laws and policies addressing forest governance and trade. Species Database: Imperata cylindrica (1/14/2004). Currently, Agreco-CEW, funded by the EU, has assumed this task. A special fee can be paid to the Ministry of Forestry to transport the above species. In Cameroon, this is the cost of exportation per cubic meter of timber, which varies by timber specie. Grasses of Malaya. Saudi Arabia: National Herbarium, Regional Agriculture and Water Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Water. major. Anon., 1989. Weed Technology, 19(1):122-127. Studies on the autecology of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Tabor P, 1949. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html. Weeds of New Guinea and their Control. Bor NL, 1979. Chou ChangHung, Tsai ChiChu, 1999. Burkard G, 2005. 442 pp. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers, 325 pp. During the dry season, the number of living shoots and the emergence of new shoots are relatively low compared with in the wet season. Yamashita N, Ohta S, Hardjono A, 2008. Nelson JB, 1993. Distribution and Biology. I. cylindrica is widely distributed in the warmer regions of the USA (south-eastern states) and is found in pastures, golf courses, roads, railways, mine reclamation areas, forests, pine plantations and natural areas (Bryson and Carter, 1993; Dozier et al., 1998; Willard et al., 1990). 325 pp. NPFEs are forested lands subject to other uses. 50. Chaudhary SA, Akram M, 1987. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/foc.html. Timber exploitation in Cameroon has changed tremendously over time as investments in this sector have increased and donor-driven policies have taken root. Nematodes found in association with this grass include Heterodera sinensis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Discocriconenella spermata, Actus baqrus and Meloidogyne fujianensis. legality verification and tracking systems. PIER, 2008. See CBD website for more information on the CBD application in Cameroon. africana, var. [ed. Patterson DT, McWhorter CG, 1983. Competition between alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv) and some crop plants. Coconut is also affected as indicated by a 54% yield increase following the use of glyphosate for I. cylindrica control (Samarajeewa et al., 2004). Management of land dominated by Imperata cylindrica. indica Andersson (1855), Imperata arundinacea var. Imperata Management for Smallholders. cylindrica grows poorly in heavily cultivated lands where it is kept in check mechanically (Van Loan et al., 2002). Botanica Macaronesica, No.26:65-76. Chou and Tsai (1999) also found that there is variation in IGS (intergenic spacer) length and sequence of rDNA among intra- and inter-specific populations of I. cylindrica based on PCR-amplified RFLP.I. The IFIA units more than 300 companies through various trade and industry associations. It has been reported as a poor habitat of wildlife in the USA, particularly in Florida. Chaudhary S A, Parker C, Kasasian L, 1981. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). The distribution and status of the hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus-with some additional notes on the pygmy hog Sus salvanicus: a report on the 1984 field survey in northern Bangladesh, southern Nepal and northern India. Eragrostis betsileensis and Tristachya betsileensis are the two species known to be local endemics. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Cameroon is the world’s largest exporter of Prunus Africana bark, and Europe is its main importer. 53, v + 658pp. In: Scrub Buckwheat. It is up to each CITES Party to draft its own domestic legislation in order to comply with its CITES obligations. See current list of member countries here. These forests provide a source of livelihoods for communities and habitat for over 9,000 plant species, about 900 bird species, and roughly 320 mammals — including the critically … Export of certain timber in unprocessed form has been forbidden since 2002 in order to curb additional forest due to uncontrolled and illegal logging. BIOTROP Bulletin No. Forest management units or FMUs (Unité forestière d’aménagement or UFA in French) can be allocated inside the permanent domain for a 15-year period renewable twice. They are a fundamental link in marine ecosystems and help maintain the health of coral reefs and sea grass beds. CIFOR has indicated concerns about high levels of corruption within Cameroon’s Ministries and this report raises alerts that attempts to reform the law may be contested. Access the CIFOR Report: Cameroon’s Hidden Harvest (2010). In Khan, SM, Javed, N, eds: Integrated plant disease management. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Vol. 10:26 pp. Forest and Turf Grass Research. World Wide Web page at http://www.cpes.peachnet.edu/fat/fungaldiseasesPM.htm. Most of Cameroon’s forest areas have been permanently designated for long-term forest production or conservation, while the rest is intended for community forestry. It is included in the 1993 Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (EPPC) List of Most Invasive Plant Species and is considered as a noxious weed designated for eradication or control in Hawaii and a noxious weed in North Carolina. Noteworthy collections-South Carolina. Ulack R, 2002. DOACS, 1999. www.wetland.com.au/. Fungal Diseases of Pearl Millet (1/27/2004). Cameroon. This list of forest and wildlife infractions, plus their current legal status, is divided into three sections, including: Overall, the summary contains references to the inspection; the name of the company; the infraction; references to the report establishing the facts of the case; the reference number; fees paid, and the remarks or the outcome of the case. Hackel (1889) divides the genus into two sections on the basis of the number of stamens in the flower: Imperatella has two stamens and contains a single species, I. cylindrica; Eriopogon has one stamen and contains the other seven species, namely I. converta, I. brasiliensis, I. brevifolia, I. minutiflora, I. tenuis, I. cheesemani and I. contracta (Eussen, 1980). Other reports of I. cylindrica's productivity are that 2.73 m of rhizome can be produced in 109 days (Wilcutt et al., 1983) and that a 15 cm length of rhizome can produce 181 shoots per m² in 6.5 months (Lee, 1977). cylindrica is an alternative host of the following insect pests of rice: Pelopidas mathias (Mazusawa et al., 1983), Melanitis leda ismene and Mythimna separata (IRRI, 2003). The species name festuciformis means 'like' (formis) a 'grass' (Festuca is a grass genus). “For permits, the allocations of Timber Removal Authorisations and Timber Salvage Permits sometimes contravene legal provisions and regulations and are strongly linked to illegal operations in Cameroon. Genetic variation in the intergenic spacer of ribosomal DNA of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Studies on the tropical weed Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Decree No 95/678 of 18 December 1995 sets up an indicative framework for land use in southern forest areas. VPAs aim to ensure timber exported to the European Union has been produced according to Cameroonian laws and regulations. Managed forests, plantations and orchards, Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])), As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer, < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]), Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate, < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]), Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year, Warm average temp. ; Tjitrosoepomo, G.] Jakarta, Indonesia; Balai Pustaka, 24-565. Western High Plateau. I. cylindrica constitutes the major portion of the diet of hog deer (Axis porcinus) which live in protected areas of sub-Himalayan West Bengal (Bhowmik et al., 1999).Environmental Requirements Legume cover crops are widely advocated because of their smothering effect on weeds, stabilization of soil, fixing of nitrogen and ease of removal when the land is to be cropped. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. PANS, 15(3):407-415. The cultural ecology of alang-alang in a rain forest margin community. Integrated weed management of direct seeded wet rice fields in South East Asia and Pacific regions, with special reference to Malaysia. The weeds: description, ecology and control. However, the legal frameworks and the situation in each country are constantly changing. koenigii (Retz.) Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 448 pp. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1. 610 pp. Nlonako. Suspected allelopathic properties (Eussen et al., 1976) and a vigorous growth habit have made I. cylindrica one of the most competitive weeds. Studies on the tropical weed Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Towards the development of sustainable production of taro Colocasia esculenta in Papua New Guinea. Law No 98/015 of 14 July 1998 Addresses establishments classified as dangerous, unhealthy or inconvenient. Ecophyisological and technological factors influencing the management of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica). Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, Leaves and inflorescence - colour illustration. Anon, 1987. Share All sharing options for: Grass Species. Four species belonging to three families were identified (Table 1):Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae),Oreochromis niloticus andTilapia cameronensis (Cichlidae), andParachanna obscura (Channidae). Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. (1812) pattern of growth as related to its problem of control. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Cameroon signed the CITES Convention in June 1981 and ratified it in September of the same year. Forest product exploitation and transportation documents cannot be transferred to another community or another private logging company. Weeping lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) are weeds of the New World, particularly Latin America.Hubbard et al. The Cameroonian definition of legality used by the VPA was developed with strong stakeholder input. Decision No 0108/D/MINEF/CAB of February 9, 1998 This Decision applies the Operating Inventory Standards in forest areas (NIMF). Started work in: 2007. Due to its requirement for sunlight, I. cylindrica survives poorly in closed-canopy forest or plantations where shading occurs. major, 2n = 40 for var. Institute for Systematic Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA. Spikelets numerous, 3.5-5.0 mm long, each surrounded by a basal ring of silky hairs 10 mm long. contains eight species which are found throughout the tropics, extending to warm temperate regions. Cutting or burning the weed to encourage vigorous regrowth produces a good sward for spraying. Of the types of logging permits available, concessions (FMUs) are the only ones that require forest management plans and they are allocated through a competitive bidding process by logging operators. A major point of contension with the 1994 Forest Code is its failure to recognize indigenous peoples’ rights to the lands, territories, and resources they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used and acquired. Noumea, New Caledonia; ORSTOM, 46 pp. Dominant grass species include Cymbopogon spp., Hyperhenia filipendula, Echinochloa sp, Pennisetum spp. Imperata cylindrica. PIER, 2003. The grass family is one of the largest and most diverse families in the plant kingdom and is of great economic value. Population dynamics of cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica. The country developed its proposals for negotiations through an unprecedented multi-stakeholder platform, including ministries, timber trade federations, non-governmental and community organizations, national assembly members and international organizations. The real purpose of the Finance Law, however, seems to be to generate revenues through fines for illegal activities rather than to encourage legal trade practces in the forest sector as intended by the Forest Law. Polluting establishments are subjected to an annual pollution tax, and those who take actions to protect the environment profit from a deduction on their taxable profit according to the methods stated by the finance law. Cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica, in the United States. However, Cameroon is visibly integrated into the world market and it is fairly liberalized. Tabor P, 1952. Hitchcock AS, 1971. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 34 pp.. https://www.fws.gov/southeast/pdf/five-year-reviews/alabama-beach-mouse.pdf. Report of Research Project WOTRO W86-34., 36 pp. Global Witness and Resource Extraction Monitoring (REM) carried out independent monitoring of logging operations in Cameroon from 2000-2005 and 2005-2009 respectively. The first line of defense: interceptions of federal noxious weed seeds in Washington. Evans HC, 1987. Peter Dazeley/Photodisc/Getty Images. For larger areas of land, soil cultivation by tractors is more appropriate, best done during the dry season when most of the plant’s biomass is in the rhizomes and when desiccation is most effective. Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference of Plant Pathology, NARC, Islamabad. The rhizomes are tough, white, commonly 1 m long but can be considerably more, are extensively branched and covered with papery scale leaves at the nodes. Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Joint Publication No. Three new species of the genera Eriophyes and Phytopus in Egypt (Eriophyoidea: Eriophydae). The negative effects of I. cylindrica on coconuts also include delayed flowering and reduction in the number of nuts (Hairiah et al., 2003). http://www.geocities.com/asfsquash/infomalaysia.htm. Plants of Cropland in Western Samoa with Special Reference to Taro. I. cylindrica grasslands also support a dense population of chital (Axis axis) in Nepal. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa incorporating the national weed list of South Africa. In: Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS), Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. This section provides an overview of the country's forest management, transparency indicators, CITES Agreement information as it applies to the country, and relevant laws and regulations (i.e. Nair N V, Kumar R S, 2006. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/index.html. Garrity DP, Soekardi M, Noordwijk Mvan, Cruz Rde la, Pathak PS, Gunasena HPM, So Nvan, Huijun G, Majid NM, 1996. Nielsen OK, Chikoye D, Streibig JC, 2005. Calopogonium caeruleum, C. mucunoides, Desmodium intortum, Centrosema pubescens, Mucuna spp., Pueraria phaseoloides, P. triloba and Stylosanthes guianensis are examples of legumes that are used to rehabilitate I. cylindrica grassland or provide ground cover in plantation crops. Effect of different control methods of Imperata cylindrica on coconut (Cocos nucifera) yield in low country dry zone of Sri Lanka. Indian Rhinoceros - The greater one-horned rhinoceros or the Indian rhinoceros … Other plant parasitic nematodes recorded on I. cylindrica include Aglenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Criconemella obtusicaudata, Criconemoides sp., C. citri, C. curvatus, C. xenoplax, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. pseudorobustus, Hemicriconemoides wessoni, Longidorus sp., Meloidodera floridensis, Meloidogyne sp., Paratrichodorus christei, Trophotylenchulus sp., T. floridensis, Xiphinema americanum, X. denoudeni and X. radicicola (DOACS, 2003) Clayton WD, Renvoize SA, 1982. Western High Plateau 2. Technical Report, Agricultural Research Council Weed Research Organization, No. I. cylindrica has been blamed for two major forest fires in Ocala, Florida, USA, in 1996 and 2000 (Kaczor, 2003). As a result, Cameroon is a biodiversity hotspot with many endemic forest plants and animal species. The management plan includes (i) dividing the FMU into conservation areas where activities are banned, agroforestry zones and actual timber production zones; (ii) splitting the FMU into 30 annual sub-areas (assiettes annuelles de coupe or AAC), each of which will be logged in a year; and (iii) establishing minimum diameters for species to be felled at, based on reconstitutions rates and frequency of each species. Sauerborn E, Sauerborn J, 1984. Tigerpaper, 26(2):25-27; 2 ref. Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS), Imperata cylindrica (Linnaeus) Raeuschel (1797), Imperata arundinacea var. Decree No 2001/718/PM, amended 2006 An Inter-ministerial Environmental Committee to assist the government in formulating and implementing environmental and sustainable development policies was created by this Decree in 2001, amended in 2006. I. cylindrica survived the 1984 winter season in Alabama, USA, where the coldest air temperature recorded was -14°C; however, it did not survive the -28.9°C winter temperature in Texas in 1984 (Wilcut et al., 1988). Rhizomes which develop during the rainy season do not regenerate as well as those formed in the dry season. Ishikawa S, Nishiyama Y, 1998. Gainesville, Florida, USA: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Compendium record. It can produce as many as 3000 seeds per plant (Holm et al., 1977), and 95% of I. cylindrica seeds can germinate within one week of being harvested but can also retain viability for at least one year (Santiago, 1965). Here is a list of Cameroon’s laws and policies pertaining to forests and timber production. Evaluation of growth and ornamental value for introduced perennial ornamental grass in Beijing. Fact Sheet 1999-01. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. More than 90% of the total raw log production is processed within the country in 60 timber processing mills including 51 sawmills and 9 veneer/plywood factories. Of this area, 17 million ha (approximately 75%) is dense, closed semi-deciduous tropical rainforest. Decree No 99/818/PM of November 09, 1999 fixes the procedure for setting up and operating of companies classified as dangerous, unhealthy or inconvenient. Leaves stiff, linear-lanceolate, up to 120 cm long and 4-18 mm wide, with a prominent white midrib. 33-40. World Wide Web page at http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Paul R, Elmore CD, 1984. (Adiciones a la flora vascular de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias) II.) 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( formis ) a 'grass ' ( Festuca is a common feature fields... From this weed forest climate Change in Central Africa but it enhances seed production cm in diameter 0°C. R J, Truelove B, Marnotte P, Ramsey CL, 2007 food feed! Vietnam ) is a grass genus )., world wide Web Page at http: //www.springerlink.com/content/n265037600113682/? &! Export timber, parties are required to pay a fee to the area the... Errl, 1997 ex Stuckert is a common feature of fields in the United.! A coastline, mountains, savanna, desert, and tropical weeds and application. Capacity building, China and Vietnam ) is a biodiversity hotspot with many endemic forest plants and species... Yields of I. cylindrica to flooding increases ( King and Grace, 2000 sylvestrisas forage species of. 96/642/Pm of 17 September 1996 covers the basis and methods of collection of royalty and taxes on activities.