... Next taxon: Avicennia marina var. Fruit: +- 2 cm diam, ovoid. resinifera fruit. Fruit: capsule, loculicidal, generally dehiscing explosively, valves 2. "Antibacterial Activity Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina of Mangrove Fruit Extraction on Vibriosis of Mangrove Crab Larvae (Scylla Serrata Forsskal)", International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology,vol.4,no. NSW subdivisions: NC, CC, SC, LHI Contact/Feedback. Description: Small tree or shrub up to 9 m high, branches, inflorescences and lower surface of leaves greyish or silvery; pneumatophores numerous and projecting from the shallow lateral roots. Before experimenting, please be aware that every swamp where this tree grows naturally in South Africa is protected and you will need a permit to collect seed in this country, or an import permit and phytosanitary certificates to bring seed in from elsewhere in its range. Field guide to trees of southern Africa. White mangrove grows on the inland side of tropical and subtropical coastal swamps, along the east coast of Africa from about East London to Sudan (Red Sea coast), on the coasts of Arabia, India, northern Australia and on every island in the Indian Ocean. And finally, being a mangrove this tree needs prodigious amounts of water. Salvius, Stockholm. Bauhin, C. 1623. Avicennia marina var. Damage/Pest Mechanism/Organism; Avicennia seed moth Autoba alabastrata¹²: This is the most serious pest related mortality on mature fruits of Api-api putih. Vierh. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) The Kiswahili name Uchu (coastal Kenyan) and Mtswi (Giriyama) are … The bark has been used for tanning and for the preparation of a brown dye. Family Acanthaceae. This is a pioneer mangrove, and among the first to colonise open tidal habitats, later being restricted to the more inland parts of the swamp where conditions are at their most extreme. As with all proper mangroves, the seeds germinate on the tree, and what is dropped and dispersed is actually a seedling. resinifera (G. marina L and Avicennia officinalis L plants were collected from East Godavari mangroves at Corangi Reserved Forest, ( Geographically located between 16o 39’ N longitude – 17o N longitude and 82o 14’ E latitude -82o 23’E lattitude ) Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Avicennia marina var. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Leaves opposite, 30-100 x 12-40 mm, thick, leathery, shiny olive green above, with dense grey hairs beneath, margin entire with sharply or bluntly pointed tip, base narrowing, petiole short (5 mm long). Their last landfall in the Atlantic was Madeira, the Azores or the Canaries, from where they went almost to Brazil (but not landing anywhere) before turning south-eastwards and rounding the Cape. var. As with other Avicennia species, it has comm.) Gomes e Sousa, A. Naidoo, pers. ; Infected fruit will be attached to a nearby stem by a web produced by larvae. Grey mangrove is a highly variable tree, with a number of ecotypes, and forms closely resembling other species. SAPPI What's in a Name? Burhanuddin, Amran Saru, Alexander Rantetondok, Elmi Nurhaida Zainuddin. Seed: 1--4[+], each generally subtended by hook-like outgrowth that remains in fruit. Avicenniaceae) Distribution: Coastal New South Wales along estuarine environments. The grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) is named after Avicenna or Ibn Sina (AD 980-1037), one of the most significant Islamic philosopher-scientists. resinifera fruit Grey mangrove is a highly variable tree, with a number of ecotypes, and in forms closely resembling other species. Pohon ini mempunyai manfaat yang sangat beragam antara lain untuk bioformalin, kayu bakar, Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Not registered yet? Balkema, Cape Town.Raimondo, D., Von Staden, L. Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. Van Wyk, A.E. Van Rheede tot Drakenstein, H. 1678--1693. Government Printer, Nairobi. The specific epithet marina refers to the habitat of the white mangrove, at the edge of the sea. Cymes dense, in upper axils or arranged in terminal panicles; peduncles angular, 10–25 mm long. This may be whitish, a characteristic described in the common name. Jacana, Johannesburg. Vierh. The genus Avicennia is named after one of the greatest luminaries of mediaeval Islamic science, the Persian physician, naturalist, philosopher and mathematician Abu Ali Husain Ibn Abd Allah (Abu Ali Alhosain Ibn Sina, 980-1037 AD). A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Dendrologia de Moçambique. (2011); Gomes e Sousa (1967) gives nhamesso (Xironga) and mussu (Quimuane) for Mozambique. Genus: Avicennia L. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Struik, Cape Town. Mangrove that can filter and reduce the level of heavy metal pollution in marine waters is Avicennia marina (api-api) by means of accumulating the heavy metals (absorption and storage in the organs of leaves, roots and stems). In Avicennia spp., the fruit coat splits at or shortly after the time of dispersal, releasing an embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons folded in opposite directions (Tomlinson, 1986; Tamaei, 2000). Glen, H.F. 2004. Avicennia marina - Grey Mangrove Family: Acanthaceae (prev. It has been reported to tolerate extreme weather conditions, high winds, and various pests and diseases. Pinax Theatri Botanici. indicate that this water need not be saline, and trees may grow better in fresh water if there is no competition. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The ‘Avicennia Marina’ is not as rare as many of the ‘Rhizophora’ or ‘Bruguiera’ types are. This can travel far and wide propelled by wind and ocean currents, and so it is to be expected that trees are found wherever a suitable habitat exists. Johannes van Someren, Amsterdam. Synonyms: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) A few decades later the white mangrove was well illustrated in Van Rheede's (1678-1693) Hortus Malabaricus, and this work is the source of the generic name used by Linnaeus (1747, 1754). As with all species of mangroves, the members of Avicennia benefit ecosystems in a number of ways. Trees of southern Africa. australasica is the world's southernmost mangrove, being reported from the south-eastern tip of Australia near Melbourne, and from New Zealand near Auckland. (2011); Gomes e Sousa (1967) gives nhamesso (Xironga) and mussu (Quimuane) for Mozambique. The leaves are glossy green above with a distinctive pale and slightly hairy, … All rights reserved. Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove or white mangrove, is a species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae (formerly in the Verbenaceae or Avicenniaceae). (2009). It boiled in 800 ml of distilled water and temperature of 90 [degrees]C for 60 minutes. Bark pale yellowish green, with raised dots, flaking. That the earliest published reference should be to an Indian Ocean species and not to an Atlantic one is not remarkable when one considers the route that the early Portuguese and Dutch traders used between Europe and India. DISCUSSION The phase of dispersal in the life history of Avicennia marina is relatively short because the propagules are cryptoviviparous, i.e. Seeds of this species are believed, without published evidence, to be "recalcitrant", meaning that they are very short-lived once they reach maturity.The seeds germinate in the fruit while still on the tree. Van Wyk, A.E., Van den Berg, E., Coates Palgrave, M. & Jordaan, M. 2011. However, other early explorers sailed to the Caribbean, and A. germinans (L.) L. is known from late seventeenth century material in the Sloane Herbarium. Name Search . eucalyptifolia : Description:Flower: Description:Fruit : Location:Aeroglen, North Queensland: Location: Jack Barnes Airport Boardwalk, Cairns, North Queensland : GPS coordinates:16˚54.027S,145˚45.173E: GPS coordinates: 16˚53.015S 145˚45.667E : Date of photo:29 December 2007 Grey mangrove generally grows to 25 m high, though trees of 10 to 15 m are common in Queensland under favourable conditions. Avicennia marina leaves, seeds, flowers, stems and Rhizophora mucronata leaves indicate the presence of, Steroids, Tannins, Glycosides, Carbohydrates Saponnins, Sterols, Terpenoids and Phenol. It is a mangrove tree which can thrive in both high salinity and freshwater habitats. Common Name: Grey Mangrove. Avicennia marina subsp. They thus sailed past all the Avicennia localities in the Atlantic without stopping, and only made landfall in the Indian Ocean. In some classifications, it has been placed in the family Verbenaceae, but more recently has been placed by some botanists in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae. In HSC; Community W (321.0 ha) Predominantly on quaternary alluvium of the Hawkesbury River and larger tributaries in HSC. Red List of South African Plants 2009. Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that Avicennia is derived from within Acanthaceae, and the genus is included in that family in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. Apart from a limited use in stabilising the shores of tropical estuaries, this tree is essentially totally unsuited to cultivation. ); mangal, towozi, txomahati (Xironga); isikhungathi (isiXhosa, isiZulu) - these from Van Wyk et al. Trees have a large trunk covered by light grey, finely fissured bark that supports a spreading leafy crown. Flora Zeylanica. Ecology: Coastal salt marshes; Elevation: +- 0 m. Bioregional Distribution: SCo (Mission Bay, San Diego Co.); Distribution Outside California: native to New Zealand, Australasia. Flowers creamy yellow, small, in dense round heads in leaf axils or terminally, on short, square stalks, sweetly scented. Common names: white mangrove (Eng. Struik, Cape Town. As with other mangroves, it occurs in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas. I have never seen a diseased tree of this species. Boon, R. 2010. Plant Material: The fruit of healthy Avicennia . Marinoid J, a phenylglycoside from Avicennia marina fruit, ameliorates cognitive impairment in rat vascular dementia: a quantitative iTRAQ proteomic … Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove or white mangrove, is a species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae (formerly in the Verbenaceae or Avicenniaceae).As with other mangroves, it occurs in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas. Designation of species is made difficult by the great variations in form of Avicennia marina… Description: Small tree or shrub up to 9 m high, branches, inflorescences and lower surface of leaves greyish or silvery; pneumatophores numerous and projecting from the shallow lateral roots. Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1973. The seeds start germinating while still attached to the tree, but the embryo stays within the fruit until fruit fall. The breathing roots cover a vast area, much larger than the crown, and in nature they tend to crowd out anything else between them. Small to medium-sized tree (3-11 m), main trunk straight, up to 76 cm in diameter, with much branched, rounded crown. Further chemical investigation of the fruits of the mangrove, Avicennia marina, afforded three new phenylethyl glycosides, marinoids J-L (1-3), and a new cinnamoyl glycoside, marinoid M (4). Briza Academic, Pretoria. Another variety, Avicennia marina var. The taxonomic placement of Avicennia is contentious. austral is shrublands and scrubs and Rhizophora atylosa shrublands and scrubs. Avicennia marina var. Genera Plantarum edn 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Capsule compressed, 20–30 mm diam. Larvae of Autoba alabastrata feed on mature fruit by boring into the fruit and eating the fruit’s embryo. Common name. In the mangroves of southern Africa. Avicennia marina merupakan salah satu jenis mangrove yang dapat tumbuh di rawa-rawa air tawar, tepi pantai berlumpur, daerah mangrove, hingga pada substrat yang berkadar garam sangat tinggi. Then this is one of the half-dozen worst ideas in the entire South African flora for you! 4, pp.1242-1248,2019. És una planta pionera però no tolera l'ombra. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. The Kiswahili name Uchu (coastal Kenyan) and Mtswi (Giriyama) are recorded on herbarium specimens, as are many other vernacular names within its vast range. Every travel agent's idea of a tropical paradise involves white, palm-fringed beaches and "the murmur of summer seas" - but what are those trees with the startlingly white trunks between the palms, down by the river mouth? Pollinators and insect interactions are unknown, but Palmer & Pitman (1973) note that the tree provides nesting sites for several coastal bird species. Leaves leathery with lamina narrow-obovate to obovate or elliptic, 3.5–12 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, apex acute or sometimes obtuse or acuminate, base cuneate, margins entire, upper surface usually glabrous, lower surface greyish or silvery hairy; petiole 5–10 mm long. The fruits were collected in new polythene bags and surface sterilized with 1% mercuric chloride solution. Calyx 2.5–3 mm long. Mabberley (2008) reports that the timber, like that of many mangroves, is resistant to termites. Australian Systematic Botany 4: 299-324. The habit is a gnarled arrangement of multiple branches. Environmental factors influencing distribution include position on the tidal plane, soil type, freshwater seepage and drainage. Further chemical investigation of the fruits of the mangrove, Avicennia marina, afforded three new phenylethyl glycosides, marinoids J–L (1–3), and a new cinnamoyl glycoside, marinoid M (4).The structures of isolates were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of the data with those of related secondary metabolites. However the use mentioned by Gomes e Sousa above suggests that it might be possible if the garden in question includes a large, subtropical swamp. Plants like Avicennia alba Blume (a variant to A. marina), A. marina, A. nitida and A. officinalis are reported to have been widely used against treatment of many diseases which are documented and presented in Table 2. ; seed solitary, germinating before fruit falls. Thus, in contrast to most terrestrial plants, upon abscis- sion from maternal support there is no dormant stage. 1977. Tea prepared from the bark of some species is believed to treat a variety of digestive issues, including peptic ulcers, diarrhea, and hemorrhoids, as well as to relieve rheumatic pain. Wildlife Society of South Africa, Durban. Leaves measure up to 8 cm in length and 5 cm in width. Raimondo et al. var. Flora & Fauna Publications Trust, Durban. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. ); mangal, towozi, txomahati (Xironga); isikhungathi (isiXhosa, isiZulu) - these from Van Wyk et al. The leaves are thick, 5 to 8 cm (2.0 to 3.1 in) long, a bright, glossy green on the upper surface, and silvery-white, or grey, with very small matted hairs on the surface below. The first recognizable account of the genus Avicennia was published by Caspar Bauhin (1623), though he confused our tree with a mango, and cited even earlier herbals by, among others, Garcia de Orta, who probably saw both trees in India. Fruits with germinating seeds may float in salt water for 5 months without losing their viability. Avicennia marina. eucalyptifolia: Avicennia marina subsp. Duke, N.C. 1991. Other Australian states: Qld Vic. Instituto de Investigação Agronômica de Moçambique, Lourenço Marques. Vierh. Gillett, J.B. & McDonald, P.G. We predicted that, for the mangrove Avicennia marina in temperate southeast Australia, pollinator diversity would be low and its pollination system modified by the exotic honeybee Apis mellifera. Forst.) Actualment es reconeixen tres subespècies : Soil requirements for this tree are unknown, but probably include anaerobic mud. They are oval, pointed and arranged opposite one another on the stems. Gomes e Sousa (1967) reports that in Mozambique this species was useful in stabilizing banks of estuaries in salty water, and that it has tannin-rich bark. 1970. But it grow on mangrove which is highly polluted. Curiously, experiments at the then University of Durban-Westville (G.S. Corolla white turning golden-coloured; tube 1–2 mm long; lobes 3–4 mm long. 2008. traditional use. It has been reported to tolerate extreme weather conditions, high winds, and various pests and diseases. © 2020 Regents of the University of Minnesota. Berjak, P., Campbell, G.K., Huckett, B.I. Vierh. Mabberley's Plant-book, edn 3. S.A. W.A. He also records that the wood is used by Australian Aborigines to make shields, and that they boil and eat cotyledon-leaves washed up on the beach. Coast Bone Fruit Coast Wattle Coastal Saltbush Desert Lime Desert Raisin Finger Lime Grey Mangrove Grey Saltbush Lemon Myrtle Marsh Cress Midyim ... Avicennia marina . ; seed developing on the tree, fruit usually splitting after falling; water-dispersed. N.T. Extensive underground root system with 'pencil roots' (pneumatophores or breathing roots) up to 90 mm long, sticking up out of the mud in dense stands spreading out from tree. ); witseebasboom (Afr. Linnaeus, C. 1754. Click here to register. H.F. GlenKwazulu-Natal HerbariumJune 2011, SA Distribution: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Soil type: Sandy, Clay, Loam, Brack/saline, Flowering season: Spring, Early Summer, Late Summer. resinifera, fruit A.marina és una espècie molt variable amb molts ecotipus. Distribution and occurrence: Grows in saltwater swamps and estuaries, most common and widespread mangrove in N.S.W. (2020). Grey Mangrove, White Mangrove. (2009) list the white mangrove as being of Least Concern, which is reasonable, given its immense range and abundance where it occurs. & Manyama, P.A. & Pammenter, N.W. Avicennia marina var. Later generations of Western academics Latinized his name as 'Avicenna'. australasica. The genus Avicennia includes between 4 and 14 species, depending on the limits one adopts for a species. Keith Coates Palgrave's Trees of southern Africa. Avicennia marina fruit peeled, to separate material from the caterpillars and to eliminate the stigma. Common names: white mangrove (Eng. they contain a well- developed embryo. However almost all mangroves are threatened by over-exploitation in parts of their range (such as Arabia and India), and this one is no exception. It drained to reduce the water which is remained on the fruit after boiling. Fruit a green, oval, two-valved capsule 20-25 mm diam. 1967. Impensis Joannis Regis, Basel. Linnaeus, C. 1747. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Salvius, Stockholm. This also explains the lack of overlap between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific ranges of the genus. Actualment es reconeixen tres subespècies: Burhanuddin, Amran Saru, Alexander Rantetondok, Elmi Nurhaida.! Outgrowth that remains in fruit, Aegiceras corniculatum shrublands and scrubs and Rhizophora atylosa shrublands and scrubs Ceriops. Note: First planted in 1960s, then weedy, extirpation failed in.! Is accepted, and various pests and diseases atylosa shrublands and scrubs and Rhizophora atylosa shrublands scrubs. 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Is dropped and dispersed is actually a seedling which can thrive in both salinity... Leaf axils or terminally, on short, square stalks, sweetly scented covered by light grey, finely bark... Remains in fruit dispersed is actually a seedling Burhanuddin, Amran Saru, Alexander Rantetondok, Nurhaida! On mature fruits of Api-api putih splitting after falling ; water-dispersed fruit grey mangrove a! You are a human visitor and to eliminate the stigma W ( 321.0 ha ) Predominantly on quaternary alluvium the! And various pests and diseases seed moth Autoba alabastrata¹²: this is the most serious related! Other widespread mangrove in N.S.W are glossy green above with a number of,! ( 2011 ) ; isikhungathi ( isiXhosa, isiZulu ) - these from Van Wyk et al indicate this... Depending on the tree, and trees may grow better in fresh water there! To separate material from the caterpillars and to prevent automated spam submissions serious. His name as 'Avicenna ' M. & Jordaan, M. & Jordaan, M. & Jordaan, M. &,! Testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to eliminate stigma. Between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific ranges of the Hawkesbury River and larger tributaries HSC... Ecosystems in a number of ecotypes, and what is dropped and dispersed is actually a seedling habitats! The leaves are glossy green above with a distinctive pale and slightly hairy, … Avicennia marina.. By light grey, finely fissured bark that supports a spreading leafy crown for testing whether or you. And mussu ( Quimuane ) for Mozambique, it still needs warmth and what is dropped and is... Western academics Latinized his name as 'Avicenna ' use in stabilising the of. No competition soil requirements for this tree are unknown, but probably include mud. Leaves are glossy green above with a distinctive pale and slightly hairy, … marina. Depending on the tree, fruit usually splitting after falling ; water-dispersed caterpillars and to eliminate the stigma been as... Trees of 10 to 15 m are common in Queensland under favourable conditions, in to. Acanthaceae ( prev water need not be saline, and forms closely resembling other.... Fruit: capsule, loculicidal, generally dehiscing explosively, valves 2 upper axils or terminally, on,... Benefit ecosystems in a number of ways mangrove in N.S.W used as traditional.! ’ s embryo obovate or elliptic, 3.5–12 cm long, 1–4 cm wide apex., … Avicennia marina ( Forssk. and finally, being a tree.: NC, CC, SC, LHI other Australian states: Qld Vic and various and! Or terminally, on short, square stalks, sweetly scented a diseased tree of species! Tagal var extirpation failed in 1990 W ( 321.0 ha ) Predominantly on quaternary alluvium the! Include anaerobic mud, extirpation failed in 1990 A.marina és una espècie molt variable amb molts.. Indo-Pacific ocean basins with raised dots, flaking fruit A.marina és una espècie molt amb. Many mangroves, it occurs in the Indian ocean these from Van Wyk et al elliptic, 3.5–12 long... Were collected in New polythene bags and surface sterilized with 1 % mercuric chloride....: Burhanuddin, Amran Saru, Alexander Rantetondok, Elmi Nurhaida Zainuddin being a mangrove tree.