Schizophr Bull 2007 Gur 921 31 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. A Schematic Representation of the Central Role of Neuroimaging Intersecting Between Basic Science and Clinical Applications. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS). Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy . Deconstructing psychosis by Carol A. Tamminga, Jim van Os, unknown edition, This review synthesizes our current knowledge on the neurobiology of psychosis from an array of in vivo brain-imaging studies. This review synthesizes our current knowledge on the neurobiology of psychosis from an array of in vivo brain-imaging studies. Understanding how cannabinoids can affect several molecular targets provides critical insight into the complex relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk. Raquel E. Gur, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Stephen M. Lawrie. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Studies were screened and coded by two independent reviewers. For example, brain structural alterations were found to predict antipsychotic drug treatment outcomes, ... duplications). Here we record LPFC neuronal activity while monkeys perceive the motion direction of a stimulus that remains visually available, or memorize the direction if the stimulus disappears. We did not find any significant results for the main contrast. Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): https://academic.oup.com/schiz... (external link) Structural brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and epilepsy with chronic interictal psychosis. No dramatic clinical or behavioral change in cerebral perfusion was observed from initial treatment of Alzheimer's disease with THA and lecithin. There was a significant correlation between LVEDV, ESV and EF measured by QGS and UCG (EDV, r = 0.71, p < 0.001; ESV, r = 0.82, p < 0.001; EF, r = 0.75, p < 0.001). NEUROSCIENCE > Large-scale family studies and new drug probes focus on cognitive deficits that may lie at the heart of the disease Generations of researchers have struggled to get at the core of schizophrenia, but with little success: No one knows the cause of this dread disease, many efforts to unravel the genetics behind it have ended in frustration, and no cure is in sight. We aim to determine whether cognitive and neuropsychological functioning deficits precede or follow hippocampal alterations during early onset psychosis. Deconstructing Psychosis With Human Brain Imaging Deconstructing Psychosis With Human Brain Imaging Gur, Raquel E.; Keshavan, Matcheri S.; Lawrie, Stephen M. 2007-06-04 00:00:00 This review synthesizes our current knowledge on the neurobiology of psychosis from an array of in vivo brain-imaging studies. Discussion: Findings suggest that social work as a Gur RE, Keshavan MS, Lawrie SM. neuroimaging/schizophrenia/psychosis/brain. Seventy-five social work journals were searched. (from Davatzikos et al 12 ). August 2007; Schizophrenia ... implement studies that are sufficiently powered to provide reliable data pertinent to deconstructing psychosis. Imaging genetics has become a highly popular approach in the field of schizophrenia research. Reading out the combined activity of all neurons, a machine-learning algorithm reliably decode the motion direction and determine whether it is perceived or memorized. The primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) encodes visual stimulus features while they are perceived and while they are maintained in working memory. All rights reserved. This volume gives the reader an inside look at how psychotic phenomena are represented in the current diagnostic system and how DSM-V might better address the needs of patients with such disorders. Among idiopathic cases of schizophrenia, smaller brain size phenotypes have consistently been reported, ... Abnormalities in the white matter of people who had schizophrenia, show cellular damage that reduces neuronal size, dendritic length and spine density, as well as, synaptic proteins (Kubicki et al, 2005). concentrations. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and 11CN-Methylspiperone, Wong et al5 recently reported a twofold to threefold elevation of D2 dopamine receptor densities in the major basal ganglia of ten drug-naive and five previously treated schizophrenic patients. Background The use of schizophrenia as a synonym for psychosis enlightens participants' contemporary representation of psychosis as an equivalent of schizophrenia. Using a gamma camera and 77Br-Bromospiperone, Crawley et al4 reported evidence of a slight increase in D2 dopamine receptors in a group of schizophrenic patients. Deconstructing Psychosis: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V provides an all-important summary of the latest research about the diagnosis and pathophysiology of psychosis. Results We found no evidence of a failure of left STG deactivation in carriers or patients. Each subject was scanned twice without movement in a supine position, and 444 and 555 MBq 99mTc-HMPAO were separately injected intravenously during the, The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) functional parameters calculated using quantitative electrocardiography (ECG)-gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (QGS). Effect sizes of control/patient group difference, calculated separately for neuroleptic-naive (top) and treated patients with Schizophrenia (bottom). Instead, patients failed to deactivate the precuneus relative to other groups. Methods Thus, the concept of schizophrenia might serve as an umbrella, under which various etiologically and pathophysiologically diverse disease entities are subsumed (Tandon et al. Abstract. The Grounded Theory is an agreed-upon qualitative method in social science field that links subjective experiences (individual narratives) to social processes (professional norms and mental health policies). Schizotypy is defined as a combination of traits qualitatively similar to those found in schizophrenia, though in a minor severity, that can be found in the nonclinical population. The formation of a stress memory will be explored. In this research, we further explore this issue and we investigate, for the first time, whether the differential outcomes procedure (DOP) may improve the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Download Deconstructing Psychosis PDF eBook Deconstructing Psychosis DECONSTRUCTING PSYCHOSIS EBOOK AUTHOR BY STEPHEN D... 0 downloads 65 Views 27KB Size DOWNLOAD .PDF The PFR, 1/3FR and 1/3FF obtained by QGS correlated positively with E/A ratio (PFR, r = 0.54, p < 0.001; 1/3FR, r = 0.61, p < 0.001; 1/3FF, r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and negatively with S/D ratio (PFR, r = -0.40, p < 0.01; 1/3FR, r = -0.38, p < 0.05; 1/3FF, r = -0.39, p < 0.01) obtained by UCG. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique that can provide information on a wide range of metabolites. Plasma BNP concentrations were also measured. For most loci, ASD-associated CNVs involve larger brain sizes, and schizophrenia-associated CNVs involve smaller brain sizes, the same patterns also found for idiopathic cases of ASD and schizophrenia. “Deconstructing Psychosis” was the fifth diagnosis-related research planning session convened under the conference series on the “Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis: Refining the Research Agenda” and was held at American Psychiatric Association (APA) headquarters … Objective: Accumulating evidence suggests a greater number of T-2 abnormalities in the brains of patients with bipolar I disorder. However, our analysis enrolling studies on genotype × diagnosis interaction yielded two clusters in the left temporal lobe and the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging. The QGS functional parameters offer useful information regarding cardiac failure. The final image during urine withholding was obtained by subtracting the first scan data from the second scan data. The possible pathophysiological significance of hyperintensities is discussed. The evidence base consists of hundreds of studies of patients with schizophrenia and fewer on bipolar disorder but rarely providing direct comparisons between the disorders... Theme: Deconstructing Psychosis Guest Editors: Carol Tamminga and Jim van Os, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632317/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548845, Deconstructing Psychosis Conference February 2006: The Validity of Schizophrenia and Alternative Approaches to the Classification of Psychosis, Deconstructing Bipolar Disorder: A Critical Review of its Diagnostic Validity and a Proposal for DSM-V and ICD-11. Genetic contributions to a structural endophenotype may be easier to delineate, when referring to biological rather than diagnostic criteria. These consistent changes, affect the brain's volume and tissue (white and grey matter), in both the hippocampal and pre-frontal brain regions. The latter finding appears as contradictory to the prevalent notion in the field that research approaches based on biological (patho-)mechanisms might help to reduce the heterogeneity of imaging findings compared to a purely symptom-based definition of schizophrenia (Tandon et al. We have developed an algorithm for real-time detection and complete correction of the patient motion effects during single photon emission computed tomography. Nevertheless, they provided their young patients with multiple months follow up without disclosing any risk category. It is likely that a number of these mechanisms are simultaneously impacted by chronic cannabinoids, thereby increasing schizophrenia risk in individuals who use cannabis. This study also suggests that brain control of continence can be confirmed by statistical image analysis software using SPECT. Gaining an understanding of the neurobiology involved in schizophrenia may facilitate the delivery of better clinical outcomes. Plasma BNP levels were also compared between higher and lower 1/3FF patients matched for LVEF. To gain insight into possible biological relationships between the genes implicated by these clusters, we mapped five of them to GO terms of the category “biological process” (AKT1, CNNM2, DISC1, DTNBP1, VAV3), then five to “cellular component” terms (AKT1, CNNM2, DISC1, DTNBP1, VAV3), and three to “molecular function” terms (AKT1, VAV3, ZNF804A). A frequently reported finding is that effects from common genetic variation are associated with a schizophrenia-related structural endophenotype. This cross-sectional study describes 3 case-studies of adolescent subjects, ages 16–17, admitted at the child and adolescent inpatient psychiatric unit in lieu of first psychotic episode. The evidence base consists of hundreds of studies of patients with schizophrenia and fewer on bipolar disorder but rarely providing direct comparisons between the disorders or integration across methods. To make a comment you must login or register. This notion has led to the claim that schizophrenia is not a valid concept for biological research and should be "deconstructed", ... Congruent with those ideas, schizophrenia patients usually exhibit high interindividual variance with regard to, e.g., brain structure changes, reflecting a higher heterogeneity amongst the patients than amongst healthy controls. Deconstructing Psychosis by Carol A. Tamminga, 9780890426531, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. 12 French youth psychiatrists were interviewed about psychosis early management and their daily prognosis practices with teenagers. While previous research failed to identify structural brain abnormalities in human cannabis users, more recent studies using high resolution imaging techniques combined with more robust delineations of specifi c brain regions in very heavy cannabis users have revealed evidence of dose-related alterations in regions implicated in schizophrenia. This novel finding might be relevant for clinical practice since the DOP is shown as a tool that may improve the recognition of emotional facial expressions. There are consistently replicated associations of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in both structural and functional imaging in schizophrenia but not, as yet, in bipolar disorder. ResultsChronic cannabinoid treatment induces behaviours relevant to positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Deconstructing Psychosis With Human Brain Imaging This review synthesizes our current knowledge on the neurobiology of psychosis from an array of in vivo brain-imaging studies. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 921–31. Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging. Despite both of these men supporting eugenics; Emil Kraepelin and Paul Eugen Bleuler also held very different views on how better outcomes could best be achieved. Numerous studies shown that structural hippocampal alterations are present in subjects at high risk of developing psychosis or schizophrenia. To address these issues and make neuroimaging "clinically relevant," investigators will need to standardize their approaches to data acquisition and analysis, and construct the necessary range of "human brain maps," to implement studies that are sufficiently powered to provide reliable data pertinent to deconstructing psychosis. Conclusion Schizophr Bull 2007 Gur 921 31 However, cases of young patients presenting unclear symptoms that might be a beginning psychosis or might as well reflect some adolescent unease are commonplace in psychiatry. Thus, treated patients showed a pronounced increase in basal ganglia volumes. The spatial patterns are similar, except that treated patients display generally stronger effect sizes. Using the PPDA enables us to prevent the scanner from collecting disturbed data during the scan and replaces them with motion-free data by real-time rescanning for the corrupted frames. We review recent literature (within the past 10 years) using animal models of chronic and subchronic treatment with cannabinoids which target the cannabinoid 1 receptor [i.e. The evidence base consists of hundreds of studies of patients with … SPECT scans were performed on 15 right-handed healthy male volunteers, 24-45 y old. Do they anticipate mental disorders? We are beginning to measure the function of the brain in ways which will help us to better identify, understand, and potentially treat neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, mania, psychosis, as well as evaluate conditions like sociopathy (Dougherty & Rauch, 2007; ... 13 At the functional level, anatomical changes in firstepisode schizophrenia broadly coincide with the alteration of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, 14 suggesting neuronal pathology in a well characterized pathway implicated in schizophrenia. We previously used PET and. Our results indicate that a functionally diverse population of LPFC neurons provides a substrate for discriminating between perceptual and mnemonic representations of visual features. Results Although these and other potential pit-falls could exist if tests are not applied carefully, a number of potential advantages exist that advanced neuroimaging technologies have to offer in order to assist with decision making. Marked abnormalities of 1H NMR brain spectra have been reported in patients with neurological disorders, but their neurochemical implications may be difficult to appreciate because NMR data are obtained from heterogeneous tissue regions composed of several cell populations. If all participants were aware of early intervention programs, most of them did not make use of standardized scales. null. This study suggests that bipolar II patients may be more similar than bipolar I patients to comparison subjects on T-2 measures. A subsequent cluster analysis identified representative, non-redundant subsets of semantically similar terms that aided a further interpretation. Raquel E Gur Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania 10 Gates, 3400 Spruce Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. The item Deconstructing psychosis : refining the research agenda for DSM-V, edited by Carol A. Tamminga ... [et al. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Methods: Systematic review procedures were employed to locate studies that included biological variables (e.g., genetic or physiological factors) related to behavior and were published in a social work journal between 2000 and 2015. However, it remains unclear whether perceived and memorized features are encoded by the same or different neurons and population activity patterns. Deconstructing Psychosis: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V provides an all-important summary of the latest research about the diagnosis and pathophysiology of psychosis. We examined 46 patients with various forms of heart disease. Although several constituents (creatine, choline-containing compounds, lactate, acetate, succinate, alanine, glutamate) were ubiquitously detectable with 1H NMR, each cell type had distinctive qualitative and/or quantitative features. ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2]. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Interestingly, these changes coincided with structural MRI alterations in the hippocampal area. Chronic cannabinoids also cause region- and subtype-specific changes to receptor systems (e.g. The degree of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunctions evaluated by QGS correlated with that by UCG or BNP. Plasma BNP concentrations in EF < 50% patients were greater than those in EF > or = 50% patients (335.2 +/- 60.2 vs. 101.2 +/- 41.3 pg/ml, p < 0.01, both n = 17). Anticipating a psychosis onset remains a highly uncertain task for psychiatrists. Conclusions Failure of left STG ‘deactivation’ and left fronto-temporal disconnectivity are not consistent findings in schizophrenia; neither are they trait-markers for genetic risk. Importantly, all participants showed better recognition of emotional facial expressions when they were trained with differential outcomes. Progress in the delivery of better outcomes for schizophrenia has halted. Using coordinate-based meta-analyses to explore structural imaging genetics, Developing a Neuropsychiatric Functional Brain Imaging Test. The book … These findings indicate that in a subset of patients undergoing first-psychosis episode (FPE), hippocampal volume alterations are accompanied by associated cognitive and neuropsychological deficits. Those approaches include the use of the At Risk Mental State category (ARMS) and of standardized predictive tools. Background Schizophr Bull. Prefrontal functional disconnectivity here may characterise the schizophrenic phenotype. In comparison to most developed countries, early interventions programs are only little developed in France. Over the last twenty years, predicting psychosis has become a priority of both research and policies. Psychiatry Res 2001 ; 108 : 1 – 15 . In the urine-withholding state, as compared with resting, there was a significant increase in tracer activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri and the right superior and the middle temporal gyri. A region of DLPFC shows greater connectivity with STG in controls, while a region in VLPFC shows greater connectivity with STG in patients (from Wolf et al 99 ). I review current evidence salient to the two hypotheses, and suggest future studies to test them in a definitive way. Psychiatrists’ reluctance toward a psychosis risk standardized assessment was shaped by three difficulties: first the gap between theoretical knowledge and practice; second their impossibility to make reliable prognoses; and third, the many uncertainties surrounding medical judgment, adolescence and the nature of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. We found no differences in functional connectivity between left DLPFC and left STG but patients exhibited significant disconnectivity between left DLPFC and anterior cingulate cortex. Plasma BNP concentrations in 1/3FF < 35% patients were significantly greater than those in 1/3FF > or = 35% patients (312.9 +/- 62.5 vs. 120.5 +/- 32.8 pg/ml, p < 0.05, both n = 14). After the patient rests in his or her true position, data acquisition is repeated only for the corrupted frame and the scanning procedure is continued. Implications and recommendations are discussed. This information may be helpful in understanding the metabolic abnormalities detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy. We regard this approach as a new option to systematically explore the richness of the literature in imaging genetics. Taken together, these findings appear paradoxical and require explanation. The algorithm is based on a linear prediction filter (LPC). There is some indication that adolescence is a period of susceptibility to cannabinoid-induced schizophrenia-relevant neural change, but more research in this field is required to confirm this hypothesis. Results: Eleven studies were eligible for this review; one was a behavior genetics study, two were molecular genetics studies, two were neurological studies, and six studies examined physiological factors such as skin conductance and salivary cortisol. The combination of psychological deficits and neuroanatomical alterations, in turn, appears to increase treatment complexity and worsen clinical outcomes. The results of a new brain imaging study may have just answered a big question about how stress changes the brain. Method: Magnetic resonance images of the brain were obtained prospectively for 29 patients with bipolar I disorder, 26 patients with bipolar II disorder, and 20 normal comparison subjects. The PPDA shows promising results. Deconstructing Psychosis: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V provides an all-important summary of the latest research about the diagnosis and pathophysiology of psychosis. With progress in quantitative computational anatomy methodologies, we are at the threshold of an exciting era in psychiatric research that can capitalize on the ability to study the living brain with refined approaches b… In France, psychiatrists’ inconspicuous risk management might be supported by the universal costs coverage that is not conditional on a diagnosis disclosure. Illustration of DTI measures showing fractional anisotropy (a, b) and with delineation of specific ROIs corresponding white matter tracts can be visualized showing front-back (c) and left-right callosal connectivity (d) (courtesy of R. Verma, University of Pennsylvania). Background This volume gives the reader an inside look at how psychotic phenomena are represented in the current diagnostic system and how DSM-V might better address the needs of patients with such disorders. SPECT imaging was repeated in the six patients after initial titration to peak therapy with oral THA (75 to 200mg per day). Animal models can elucidate mechanisms by which chronic cannabinoid treatment can induce schizophrenia-relevant neural changes, in a standardised manner often not possible using patient-based data. 2007 Jul;33(4):921-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm045 We used coordinate-based meta-analyses, namely the anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm on 30 schizophrenia-related imaging genetics studies, representing 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 26 gene loci investigated in 4682 subjects. Within patient groups, medication use was not significantly different for those with or without the presence of white matter hyperintensities. Our case report adds to the armamentarium of literature signifying that radiologically detectable alterations of the hippocampus may occur either concomitantly or closely following the development of early cognitive deficits in patients with FPE. It deserves to be emphasized that we only retrieved significant results, when we pooled over studies analyzing gene × diagnosis interactions, while other groupings, e.g., based on biological information about the implicated genes (GO terms) did not yield any significant convergence of findings. The presence and location of signal hyperintensities in three brain regions (periventricular white matter, subcortical gray matter, and deep white matter) were evaluated. These findings are not attributable to medication effects but are of unclear specificity and may apply across the psychosis spectrum. 15 Tebartz Van Elst , L , Baeumer , D , Lemieux , L , Woermann , FG , Koepp , M , Krishnamoorthy , S , et al. In addition to LV systolic parameters, diastolic parameters were compared with those by ultrasound echocardiography (UCG) and also with plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). following 2 conditions: resting state with an empty bladder and urine-withholding state with a full bladder. interest in the transverse projection of each study was normalized to uptake per pixel in the cerebellum. Schizophrenia-relevant behavioural consequences of chronic cannabinoid treatment are first briefly summarised, followed by a detailed account of changes to several receptor systems [e.g. By the QGS data with 16 framing data acquisition using technetium (Tc)-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) perfusion, we calculated the following parameters: LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR), filling rate during the first third of the filling time (1/3FR) and first third filling fraction (1/3FF). Extracts of cultured cerebellar granule neurons, cortical astrocytes, oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells, oligodendrocytes, and meningeal cells were analyzed. PubMed. Conclusions: Having bipolar I disorder significantly increases the chance of having white matter changes in the brain. For instance, psychosis, mood disturbance, persistently low mood, anxiety or a delayed reaction in the case of post-traumatic stress disorder. The literature on bipolar disorder and signal hyperintensities is reviewed. Then, they performed a task in which they had to recognise the emotional facial expression of a set of faces. The authors sought to evaluate the presence of signal ''hyperintensities'' in both bipolar I and II subjects and systematically review the existing literature. Psychological testing in each patient demonstrated the presence of low to borderline intellectual functioning coupled with neuropsychological deficits in different psychiatric domains. Some studies suggest that people with schizotypal traits have problems recognising emotional facial expressions. Conclusions An evidence base will be presented to support rationale for relabeling psychiatric disorders as a stress memory with prominent symptoms. Various experimental data were used to validate the motion detection algorithm; on the whole, the proposed method was tested with approximately 100 test cases. We find neurons with a wide variety of combinations of coding strength for perceived and memorized directions: some neurons encode both to similar degrees while others preferentially or exclusively encode either one. Some studies have proposed a somewhat similar mechanism for the origin of 'hallucinatory representations' in neural network models 45 . The same abnormalities were again seen in the same patients. Two distinct schools of thought and two men have continued to dominate psychiatry over the past century. 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